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Arizona (/ˌærɪˈzoʊnə/ (listen) arr-ih-zoh-nə; navajo: hoozdo hahoodzo [hoː˥z̥to˩ ha˩hoː˩tso˩];[ 10] o'odham: alĭ ṣonak [ˈaɭi̥ ʂɔnak])[11] is a state in the southwestern united states. It is the 6th largest and the 14th largest by population of the https://keycodesoftware.com/ 50 states. Its capital and largest city is phoenix. Arizona is an element of the four corners region with utah in harsh northern conditions, colorado to the northeast, and new mexico to the east; its other neighboring states are nevada to the northwest, california to the west, and the mexican states of sonora and baja california to the south and southwest. Arizona is the 48th state, and the last of the contiguous states, to be admitted to the union, becoming the 1912 lovers' state. Historically part of the territory of alta california in this spain, it became part of independent mexico in 1821. After being defeated in the mexican–american war, mexico ceded most of this territory to the united states in 1848. The southernmost part of the state was acquired in 1853 following the gadsden purchase. Southern arizona is known for its desert climate with very hot summers and mild winters. Northern arizona has forests of log, douglas fir, and spruce; colorado plateau; mountain ranges (for example, the mountains of san francisco); and besides huge, and deep canyons with much more moderate summer temperatures and are able to make good snowfalls in winter. Ski resorts are located in flagstaff, alpine and tucson. In addition to the world-famous grand canyon national park, which is the main seven natural wonders, there are several national forests, national parks and national monuments. Arizona's residents and economy have grown dramatically since the 1950s due to internal migration, and the state is now a major sun belt hub. Cities such as phoenix and tucson created large, sprawling suburban areas. Many large companies, including petsmart and circle k, [12] are headquartered in the state, but arizona is home to major universities, including the university of arizona and arizona state university. Traditionally, the state is politically known for national conservative figures such as barry goldwater and john mccain, though he voted democratic in the 1996 presidential race and this year's presidential and senatorial elections. Arizona is home to a diverse population. About a quarter of the state[13][14] is made up of indian reservations, which are home to 27 federally recognized indian tribes, including the largest navajo nation in the area and the united states, with over 300,000 citizens. Since the 1980s, the share of hispanics in the state's population has risen significantly due to migration from mexico. In the context of religion, a significant portion of the population are followers of the roman catholic church and the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints (lds church). Etymology the name of the state is in all likelihood derived from the earlier spanish name arizona, derived from the name o'odham alĭ ṣonak meaning "little spring". Initially, the term was applied by the spanish colonists only to the area near the silver mining camp of planchas de plata, sonora. To european settlers, o'odham's pronunciation sounded like arissona. The area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the o'odham language. Another possible origin is the basque phrase haritz ona ("good oak tree"), as there were huge numbers of basque shepherds in the area. A native mexican of basque origin founded a rancheria (small rural settlement) in arizona between 1734 and 1736 in what is now the mexican state of sonora. Such a fact became noticeable after the significant discovery of silver there, c. 1737. [23] the misconception that the name of the state is derived from the spanish term árida zona ("arid zone") is considered a case of folk etymology. History[edit] thousands of years before the modern era, arizona was home to many ancient native american civilizations. The hohokam, mogollon, and ancestral pueblo cultures were some of the people that flourished throughout the state. Many of their pueblos, cliff dwellings, cave paintings and other prehistoric treasures survive and attract thousands of tourists every year. In 1539, marcos de niza, a spanish franciscan, became the first european to come into contact with native americans. He explored parts of what is now the state and made contact with the population, probably sobaipuri. The expedition of the spanish explorer coronado entered the area in 1540-1542 during the search for cibola. Several spanish settlers migrated to arizona. Among the first settlers in arizona was josé romo de vivar. Kino's father was the next european in the region. A member of the society of jesus ("jesuits"), he led the development of a chain of missions in the area.He converted many indians to christianity in pimeria alta (now southern arizona and northern sonora) in the 1690s and early 18th century. Spain founded presidios ("walled cities") at tubac in 1752 and tucson in 1775. When mexico gained independence from the kingdom of spain and the concrete of the spanish empire in 1821, what is now arizona was part of its territory of nueva california ("new california"), also known as alta california ("upper california"). 27] descendants of ethnic spaniards and mestizo settlers from colonial times still lived in the area in the process of the arrival of later european-american migrants from the united states. During the mexican–american war (1847–1848), the u.S. Army occupied the capital, mexico city, and laid claim to much of northern mexico, including what would become arizona territory in 1863 and then arizona state in 1912. 28] the treaty of guadalupe hidalgo (1848) stated that in addition to the fact that the linguistic and civilized rights of the existing inhabitants of former mexican citizens are considered inviolable, the amount of compensation in relation to the amount of 15 million dollars (which is equivalent to 469,788,461.54 dollars in 2021 year) will be paid to the republic. Mexico.[29] in 1853, the us purchased land south under the gila river from mexico after the gadsden purchase along the southern border as the best future southern route for the transcontinental railroad. What is now the state of arizona was administered by the united states government as part of the new mexico territory from 1850 until the southern portion of that region seceded from the ussr to form the arizona territory. This newly created territory was formally organized by the federal government of the confederate states on saturday, january 18, 1862, when president jefferson davis approved and endorsed the arizona territory preparation act, [32] marking the first official use of the name. "Arizona territory". The southern territory supplied the confederate government with men, horses, and equipment. Formed in 1862, the arizona reconnaissance companies served during the confederate states war during the civil war here. Arizona saw the westernmost military engagement of the civil war at the battles of picacho pass (1862). The federal government declared the new u.S. Territory of arizona, consisting of the western half of the former new mexico territory, at washington, d.C. On february 24, 1863. These new borders would later become the basis of the state. The first territorial capital, prescott, came into operation in 1864 after the gold rush in central arizona. Later, the capital was moved to tucson, back to prescott, and then to a different final location in phoenix, in the eventual series of controversial moves as different regions of the territory gained and lost political influence as the territory grew and developed. Although names such as "gadsonia", "pymeria", "montezuma" and "arizuma" were considered for the territory, [36] when the 16th president abraham lincoln signed the final bill, it was read as "arizona", and this name was adopted. . (Montezuma did not get away from the aztec emperor, but was the sacred name of a divine hero for the pima people of the gila river valley. It was probably considered - and rejected - on the grounds of sentimental value before congress settled on the name "arizona". .) Brigham young , patriarchal leader of the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints in salt lake city, utah, sent mormons to arizona in the mid to late 19th century. They founded mesa, snowflake, heber, safford and all the cities. They also settled in phoenix valley (or "valley of the sun"), tempe, prescott, and other areas. Mormons settled what became northern arizona and northern new mexico. These areas were then part of the former new mexico territory. During the nineteenth century, the territory experienced a series of gold and silver rushes, the most famous of which was the 1870s stampede on the silver treasures of tombstone, arizona, in southeastern arizona, also known for its legendary outlaws and lawmen. In the late 1880s, copper production eclipsed precious metal production with the introduction of copper camps like bisbee, arizona, and jerome, arizona. The boom and bust of mining also left hundreds of ghost towns throughout the region, but copper mining continued to flourish, and by 1907 the territory was producing more copper than every state, earning arizona the nickname "the copper state." Statehood.[40][41] in the early years of statehood, the industry experienced growing pains and labor disputes with bisbee's deportation in 1917 following a copper miners' strike.20th century to present during the mexican revolution from 1910 to 1920, several battles took place in mexican cities located directly across the border from settlements in arizona. Throughout the revolution, many arizonas became one with different armies fighting in mexico. Only two major battles took place within the united states between american and mexican forces: columbus pancho villa's 1916 raid on new mexico and the battle of ambos nogales in 1918 year in arizona. The mexicans won the first battle and the americans won the second. After mexican federal troops opened fire on american soldiers, the american garrison launched an assault on nogales, mexico. The mexicans eventually surrendered after both parties to the deal suffered heavy losses. A few months earlier, west of nogales, a battle took place in the indian war, which is the last battle in the american indian wars, which lasted from 1775 to 1918. American soldiers stationed on the line opposed the yaqui indians, who were using arizona as a base. To raid nearby mexican settlements as part of their wars against mexico. Arizona became the u.S. State of all lovers in 1912. Arizona was the 48th state admitted to the united states and the last of the contiguous states to be admitted. Cotton growing and copper mining, two of arizona's most important industries, suffered greatly during the great depression. But in the 1920s and even the 1930s, tourism began to develop as the important industry of arizona that it is today. Dude ranches such as kl bar and remuda in wickenburg, along with flying v and tanque verde in tucson, have given tourists the opportunity to partake in the flavor and activities of the "old west". A number of high-quality hotels and hotels have now opened, as well as resorts, some of which are still popular with travelers. These include the arizona biltmore hotel in downtown phoenix (located in 1929) and the teepee resort in the overseas part of the phoenix area (opened in 1936). [46] arizona was the site of german pow camps during world war ii and internment camps for japanese americans. As a result of the wartime risk before the japanese invasion of the us west coast (which practically materialized in the aleutian islands campaign in june 1942). From 1942 to 1945 they had to live in internment camps built inland. Many have lost their homes and small businesses. The camps were abolished after world war ii.[48] a german pow near phoenix the site was purchased after the war by the maytag family (known for large home appliances). It remained released as the phoenix zoo's website. The japanese-american internment camp occupied mount lemmon, near the city of tucson in the southeast of the state. Another pow camp was located near the gila river in eastern yuma county. Arizona was also home to the phoenix indian school, the most significant of a number of federal indian boarding schools designed to assimilate native american children into mainstream european-american culture. Children were often enrolled in these schools by reluctant adults and families. Attempts to suppress local identity included forcing children to cut their hair, acquire and apply english names, speak only english, and practice christianity but not their native religions. Numerous native americans from arizona fought for the united states during world war ii. Their skill led to increased activism in the post-war years to secure better treatment and civil rights upon their return to the state. After maricopa county would not allow them to register to vote, in 1948 veteran frank harrison and harry austin of the mojave apache tribe on the fort mcdowell indian reservation filed harrison and austin v. Lavin to challenge the exclusion. The arizona supreme court ruled in that favor.[50] arizona's population increased markedly with the development of residential apartments and businesses after world war ii, aided by the extensive use of air conditioning, which made the very hot summers extremely comfortable. According to the arizona blue book (published annually by the arizona secretary of state), the population of the state at the very beginning of the twentieth century was 294,353. By 1970 there were 1,752,122 of them. Percentage growth each decade has been somewhere around twenty% in previous decades, and about 60% each subsequent decade. In the 1960s, retirement communities were invented. These age-restricted units catered exclusively to retirees and attracted many retirees who were about to get away from the harsh winters of the midwest and northeast.Sun city, founded by real estate developer del webb and opened in 1960, is at the forefront of such communities. Green valley south of tucson was another such community, designed as a retirement district for arizona teachers. Many older people from all over america and canada visit arizona every cold season and only come during the cold season; they are called snowbirds. In the early spring of the early part of this millennium, arizona held the first legally binding election ever held over the internet to nominate a candidate for public office. In the 2000 arizona democratic primary, al gore defeated bill bradley, attracting the interest of the world. Primary voter turnout in today's state has increased by more than 500% since the 1996 primary. In the 21st century, arizona has often garnered world attention with its own hands to crack down on illegal immigration to the service. In 2004, voters passed proposition 200 requiring proof of citizenship when registering to vote. The us supreme court overturned this restriction in 2013.[52] in 2010, arizona passed sb 1070, which required all immigrants to carry immigration papers with them at all times, but the supreme court also invalidated portions of that law in arizona v. The usa in year twelfth. On january 8, 2011, congresswoman gabby giffords was shot and killed by a gunman at 18 other people at a meeting in tucson. Giffords was badly wounded. The incident drew national attention to inflammatory political rhetoric.[54] three ships named uss arizona were named after the state, although only uss arizona (bb-39) was so named after statehood. Geography arizona moves in the southwestern united states as one of the states of the four corners. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area after new mexico and ahead of nevada. Of the 113,998 square miles (295,000 km2) of the state, approximately fifteen percent is privately owned. The remainder of the area is public jungle and parklands, public fund lands, and native american reservations. Arizona is home to 24 national park service-supported sites, including three national parks: grand canyon national park, saguaro national park, and petrified forest national park. Arizona is very well known for its desert basin and range in the southern parts of the state, which is rich in landscapes of xerophytic plants like cacti. The topography of the region described was ultimately shaped by prehistoric volcanism, followed by cooling and associated subsidence. Its climate has exceptionally hot summers and mild winters. The state is less in demand for its pine-covered north-central highlands of the colorado plateau (see forests of the arizona mountains). Like all the states of the southwestern united states, arizona is marked by high mountains, the colorado plateau and highlands. Despite the state's aridity, 27% of arizona's territory is covered by forests,[56] which is comparable to the workers in romania or greece.[57] the world's largest stand of ponderosa pine is presented in arizona. The mogollon rim (/ˌmoʊ gəˈyoʊn/), a 1,998-foot (609 m) escarpment, crosses the central part of the state and marks the southwestern edge of the colorado plateau. In 2002, it was the area of the rodeo-chediskie fire, the worst fire in the state's culture until 2011. The grand canyon, located in northern arizona, is essentially a colorful deep gorge with wide slopes, cut by the colorado river. The canyon is an important of the seven natural wonders of the world, and is the only component of the grand canyon national park - one of the first national parks in america. President theodore roosevelt was a leading advocate for declaring the grand canyon area a national park, often visiting to hunt mountain lions and experience the scenery. The canyon was created by the colorado river cutting its course over millions of years and will be about 277 miles (446 km) long, four to 18 miles (6 to 29 km) wide, and reach a depth of over 1 mile (1.6 km). Almost two billion years of earth's history were revealed as the colorado river, along with its tributaries, cut through layer upon layer of sediment as the colorado plateau rose.Arizona is on the list of the most securely preserved meteorite impact sites in the world.Created by over 50 thousand years ago, barringer meteor crater (more commonly known as "meteor crater") is a giant hole in the high plains of the colorado plateau, about 25 miles (40 km) west of winslow. , A row of which are the size of a small house, rising 150 feet (46 m) above the level of the surrounding plain.The crater itself is almost 1.6 kilometers wide and 570 feet (170 m) deep.Arizona remains one of only two heat-free states in the us, along with hawaii, although the large navajo nation in the northeastern region of the state watches porn. Neighboring states immaculate state has acquired a great variety of local weather conditions. In the valleys, the climate is predominantly desert, with mild winters and extremely hot summers. Usually - from late autumn to early spring, the weather is mild, approximately at least 60 ° f (16 ° c). November to february are the coldest months, with temperatures typically ranging from 40 to 75 °f (four to 24 °c), with occasional frosts. Around mid-february, temperatures begin to rise, with warm days and cool, windy nights. The summer months of june to september bring dry heat of 90 to 120 °f (32 to 49 °c), with sometimes elevated temperatures in the desert area exceeding 125°f (52°c). The record high temperature in arizona is 128 °f (53 °c), recorded in lake havasu city on june 29, 1994 and july 5, 2007; a record low degree of -40 °f (-40 °c) was recorded at hawley lake on january 7, 1971. Due to the mostly dry climate, large daily temperature swings occur in the less developed areas of the desert that pleases over 2,500 feet (760 m). Fluctuations can reach 83 °f (46 °c) in summer. In the state's metropolitan areas, the effects of localized warming result in a much wider variety of high measured nighttime lows than in the recent past. Arizona has an average annual rainfall of 12.7 inches (323 mm) [62], which falls over two rainy seasons with cold fronts from the pacific ocean in winter and monsoons in summer. [63] the monsoon season is at the end of summer. In july or august, the dew point rises sharply for a short time. At this time, the air contains a lot of water vapor. Dew points up to 81 °f (27 °c) [64] have already been recorded during the rainy season in phoenix. This hot moisture brings lightning, thunderstorms, wind and torrential, although usually brief, downpours. These downpours often cause flash floods that can be fatal. In an attempt to keep drivers from crossing flooding rivers, the arizona legislature passed the silly motorists act. Arizona rarely experiences tornadoes or hurricanes. The northern third of arizona is a plateau at a much higher elevation than the lower desert and has a much cooler climate with cold spells and mild summers, although the climate remains semi-arid to arid. Extremely low temperatures are known; cold air systems from the northern states and canada occasionally infiltrate the service, causing temperatures in the northern parts of the state to drop below −0 °f (−18 °c). Indicative of climate change, arizona is the state that has both the metropolitan area with the most days with temperatures above 100 °f (38 °c) (phoenix) and the metropolitan area in the lower 48 states with the most days after the low temperatures below freezing (flagstaff).[66] communities and townships phoenix in the maricopa area is the capital and largest city of arizona. Other recognized cities before the phoenix metro include mesa (arizona's third largest city), chandler (arizona's fourth largest city), glendale, peoria, buckeye, sun city, sun city west, fountain hills, surprise, gilbert, el -mirage, avondale, tempe, tolleson and scottsdale with a combined population of just over 4.7 million. The average high temperature in july, 106 °f (41 °c), turns into the most significant of the most of most of the 19th century. In the 1860 census, the population of "arizona county" was 6,482, of which 4,040 were listed as "indians", 21 as "free colored", and 2,421 as "white". Arizona's continued population growth is putting a huge strain on the state's water supply. As of 2011 [update] 61% of arizona older children under twelve months of age belonged to racial groups of color. [77] the population of metropolitan phoenix increased by 45% from 1991 to 2001, helping to make arizona the second fastest growing state in the states in the 1990s (nevada was the fastest).[78] as of july of this year [update], the population of phoenix is estimated to be more than 5-8 million users. According to the 2010 state census, arizona had a population of 6,392,017. In 2010, illegal immigrants made up approximately 8% of the population. It was the second-highest percentage of any us state. Metropolitan phoenix (4.7 million) and tucson (1.0 million) are home to about five-sixths of arizona's population (2010 census). Metro phoenix alone accounts for many of the state's population. Race and ethnicity of the ancestral group as of 2019[update] were: 73% (4,215,749) of arizona residents aged five years and older spoke only english at home, while 21% (1,202,638) spoke spanish, 2% (85,602 ) navajo, Arizona is home to the largest number of native american speakers in the 48 contiguous states, with over 85,000 people reporting that they think in navajo [86] and 10,403 people reporting that to date apache language is spoken by housing in 2005. Apache county, arizona has the highest concentration of native american indian language speakers in the americas. Religion according to the 2010 state census: religious congregations and membership survey conducted by arda, the three largest denominational groups in arizona were the catholic church, the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints, and non-denominational evangelical protestants. The catholic church had the largest number of adherents in arizona (930,001), followed by the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints with 392,918 members, and then non-denominational evangelical protestant churches with 281,105 adherents. The religious organization with the largest number of congregations is the church of jesus christ of latter-day saints with 811 congregations), followed by the southern baptist convention (with 323 congregations) [89]. This census accounted for about 2.4 million of the more than six million arizona residents in 2010. According to the association of religion data archives, the fifteen largest denominations by number of adherents in 2010 and 2000 were: christian (when all denominations combined) in 2010 with over 32,000 adherents, followed by judaism with over 20,000 and buddhism with quite than 19,000 people. According to a study published by the institute for the study of public religion at the moment, 68% of the population identified the company as christian. According to a 2014 pew research center study, 67% of arizona residents were christians. Among the non-religious population from 2014 to 2020, they decreased from 27% of the population to 24% of self-identified non-religious or agnostic arizona residents, according to both studies. In addition, a third separate study by the religious data archives association in 2020 identified christianity as the dominant religion. In the vicinity, but the number of catholics forms 1,522,410 adherents, and the number of non-denominational christians has increased to 402,842 arizona christians. Economy the total gross state cream in the current year amounted to 373 billion dollars. The composition of the state's economy is moderately diverse, although healthcare, transportation, and government remain the largest sectors. The per capita income of individuals on the team is $40,828, which is 39th in the states. The median income for a household in the vicinity was $50,448, placing it 22nd in the nation and slightly more modest than the us national average. Early in its history, arizona's economy relied on excellent c': copper (see arizona copper mining), cotton, cattle, citrus, and climate (tourism). Copper, as for many years before, is widely mined in many extensive open-pit and underground mines, which is among many of the mining in montenegro. Employment - total employment (2016): 2,379,409 - total employers (2016): 139,134 . As of august 2020[update] the state's inflation spike was 5.9%.[102] the largest employment sectors in arizona are (aug 2020, non-farm employment): [102] largest employers. By parameters of the republic of arizona, the largest private employers in the state as of 2019.] The tax is collected by the arizona state department of revenue.[104] arizona collects personal income taxes in five categories: 2.59%, 2.88%, 3.36%, 4.24%, and 4.54%.[105] the state tax on transaction benefits is 5-6%; however, county and municipal sales taxes most often add an additional 2%. This year, arizona voters approved proposition 208 to introduce an additional 8% income tax scale for incomes over $250,000 (single applicants) and $500,000 (joint applicants). The goldwater institute filed a lawsuit challenging it, but it was dismissed by arizona maricopa county superior court judge john hanna jr. The government rate for temporary accommodation (hotel/motel) is 7.27%. In arizona, there is no state tax on consumer food or drugs prescribed by a licensed doctor or dentist. However, some cities in arizona impose a tax on foodstuffs for household consumption. All fifteen counties in arizona levy the tax. Incorporated municipalities also levy taxes on transacting privileges, which, apart from lodging/motel tax, are securely in the 1 to 3% range.These additional charges will raise the combined sales tax rate to ten.7%. [Edit] farming an acre (34.2 t/ha; 15.3 short tons/acre), with a total yield of 7,167,500 short centners (716,750,000 pounds). Selling at $40.60 per short hundredweight ($0.895/kg; $0.4060/lb), which was sold for $291,001,000. Head lettuce was harvested from 28,900 acres (11,700 ha) yielding approximately 355 short quintals per acre (39.8 t/ha; 17.8 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 10,259,500 short quintals (1. 02595 × 109 lbs). 109] selling at $23.10 for a minor centner ($0.509 per kg; $0.2310 per pound), sold for $236,994,000. Lettuce was harvested from 11,200 acres (4,500 ha) yielding approximately 205 short quintals per acre (23.0 t/ha; 10.3 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 2,296,000 short quintals (229,600,000 lb ). Selling at $53.60 for a short hundredweight ($1.182/kg; $0.5360/lb), it was sold for $123,066,000. Spinach was harvested from 11,500 acres (4,700 ha), yielding 130 short quintals per acre (15 t/ha; 6.5 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 1,495,000 short quintals (149,500,000 lb). Selling at us$76 per small centner (us$1.676/kg; us$0.7600/lb), which was sold for us$113,620 thousand. The melon was harvested from 9,300 acres (3,800 ha) yielding an estimated 295 short quintals per acre (33.1 t/ha; 14.8 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 2,743,500 short quintals (274,350,000 pounds) . Selling at $33.50 per short hundredweight ($0.739/kg; $0.3350/lb), she was sold for $91,907,000. The state is consistently the second largest producer of broccoli, consistently behind california in terms of yield, from 10,107 to 9,329 to 11,200 acres (4,090 to 3,775 to 4,532 ha) in 2012, 2017, and 2021[110]:32, table 36[ 109]. ] In 2021, this provided 135 short hundredweights per acre (15.1 t/ha; 6-8 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 151,200 short hundredweights (6,860 t; 7,560 short tons). Selling at an average of $57.9 per short hundredweight ($1.28/kg; $0.579/lb), it fetched $87,545,000. The cauliflower was harvested from 5,800 acres (2,300 ha), yielding approximately 195 short quintals per acre (21.9 t/ha; 9.8 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 1,131,000 short quintals (113,100,000 pounds). Selling at $68 per short hundredweight ($1.499/kg; $0.6800/lb), which was sold for $76,908,000. Cabbage was harvested from 4,000 acres (1,600 ha), yielding 410 short quintals per acre (46 t/ha; 21 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 1,640,000 short quintals (164,000,000 pounds). Selling at $34.20 per short hundredweight ($0.754/kg; $0.3420/lb), which was sold for $56,088,000. Watermelon was harvested from 4,900 acres (2,000 ha), yielding an average of 420 short quintals per acre (47 t/ha; 21 short tons/acre), for a total yield of 2,058,000 short quintals (205,800,000 pounds). Selling at $15.70 per short hundredweight ($0.346/kg; $0.1570/lb), sold for $32,311,000. Federal crop insurance is available for grapes (vitis vinifera and other varieties of vitis) here.[111] along with california tubers, it is subject to the special provisions of the relevant crop insurance laws. Flies, bed bugs, cockroaches and other insects and diseases other than phylloxera (daktulosphaira vitifoliae) or misapplication of pest or disease control measures are covered.[111] arizona extension has tested some varieties (and recommends from gaminators that in their experience should produce well) for the low desert region: [112] apricot: cathy, patterson (castlebrite, gold kist, modesto, royal rosa). Blackberry: brazos, rosborough. Rice: black mission, brown turkey, white conadria, white kadota. Grapes: cardinal, exotic, fantasy, seedless flame, perlette, seedless ruby, seedless thompson. Kiwi: (tomari, male, vincent, female). Peach: bonanza miniature, babcock, desert gold, desert red, earligrande, flordaprince, tropic beauty, tropic snow, tropic sweet (august pride, eva's pride, flordaking, flordagrande, may pride, mid-pride, vallegrande). Pear: (flordach, kieffer). Asian pear: (shinseiki, yakumo). Persimmon: (fuyu/jiro, giant fuyu, izu). Plum: gulf gold, gulf ruby, santa rosa (beauty, methley). Quince: (orange quince, pineapple quince). Strawberries: camerosa, chandler, sequoia, tioga. The whitefly bemisia tabaci b was introduced through the poinsettia trade in the 1980s, displacing the previous biotype a. In 2004 biotype q (from the mediterranean) was first discovered here also on poinsettias.[113] the colorado potato beetle (leptinotarsa decemlineata) is either native here or an early introduction. Unusually, the population here usually feeds on silver nightshade (solanum elaeagnifolium), which is momentarily a less attractive host for a similar beetle. Cpb is an occasional tomato pest. Transportation[edit] highways[edit] interstate highways[edit] i-8 and top ten future i-11 i-15 i-17 i-19 us routes i-40 us 60 usa 64 historic us 66 us 70 historic us 80 us 89 us 89a us 91 usa 93 us 95 us 160 usa 163 us 180 us 191's major interstate routes include i-17 and i-19 running north–south, i-8, i-10, and i-40 running east–west, and a short section of i-15 running northeast southwest across the extreme northwest corner of the state. Also, various urban areas are served by a complex network of state routes and highways, such as loop 101, which is part of phoenix's extensive freeway system. Public transit, amtrak, and intercity bus the phoenix and tucson metropolitan areas are served by public bus transit systems. Yuma and flagstaff also have local public transit systems. Greyhound lines serve phoenix, tucson, flagstaff, yuma and quite small towns across the state. A light rail system called valley metro rail was completed in december 2008; it connects phoenix central to the nearby cities of mesa and tempe. In tucson, a sun link streetcar system punches through downtown, connecting the main campus of the university of arizona to the mercado san agustin on the western edge of downtown tucson. Sun link based on portland streetcar launched in july 2014. The amtrak southwest chief route serves the upstate with pauses in winslow, flagstaff, williams and kingman. The texas eagle and sunset limited routes serve south-central arizona with stops in tucson, maricopa, yuma, and benson. Phoenix lost amtrak service in 1996 with the sunset limited rerouting, and gradually an amtrak bus runs between phoenix and the station at maricopa. As of 2021, amtrak has offered to restore rail service between phoenix and tucson. Law and government[edit] the capitol complex[edit] the capital of arizona is phoenix. The original capitol building, with its distinctive copper dome, was dedicated in 1901 (completed for $136,000 in 1900), when our neighborhood became a territory. Phoenix became the official capital of the state after arizona joined the union in 1912.[119] in 1960, the buildings of the house of representatives and the senate were opened, and in 1974, the administrative building (the office of the governor is located on the ninth floor of this building). The original capitol building has been turned into a museum. The capitol complex appears on the ornate wesley bolin memorial square, named after wesley bolin, a governor who died in the line of duty in the 1970s. There are many other monuments and memorials on the site, including the anchor and signal mast from the uss arizona (one of the us navy ships that sank at pearl harbor) and a granite version of the ten commandments. State legislature[edit] the arizona state legislature is bicameral and consists of a 30-member senate and a 60-member house of representatives. All thirty legislative districts have a good senator and 2 representatives. Legislators are elected for two-year terms.[120] each legislature covers a two-year period. The first session after a general election is known as the first regular session, and the session convened in year 2 is known as the second regular session. Each regular session begins on the second monday of january and is interrupted sine die (ends for a year) no later than the saturday of the week on which the 100th day falls from the start of the regular session. The president of the senate and the speaker of the house are usually able to prolong the session also for 7 days. After these formalities the session happens to be extended only by a majority vote of the members of each house present. The majority party is the republican party, which has been in power in both houses since 1993. The democratic party won several seats in the legislature in recent elections, leaving both houses one seat behind an even distribution as of 2021.[121] arizona senators and representatives are elected to two-year terms and are limited to four consecutive terms in the house, although there is no overall term limit. When the term of office of a deputy is limited, he sometimes she usually stand for election to another chamber. The general fund budget for fiscal year 2006-07, approved by the arizona legislature in june 2006, was just under $10 billion.In addition to the money spent on domestic agencies, it also included more than half a thousand million dollars in income and property tax cuts, pay increases for government employees, and secure funding for the k-12 education system. State executive [edit] nick myers james o'connor lea marquez peterson anna tovar (d) kevin thompson ben thomas warren petersen the arizona state executive is led by a governor who is elected to a four-year term. The governor can become a different number of terms, although not more than two in a row. Arizona is one of the few states that does not have a governor's mansion. During their term, governors live in his private residence, while executive offices are housed in the executive tower in the state capitol. The governor of arizona is cathy hobbs (d). Gov. Ian brewer took office in 2009 after the senate approved barack obama's janet napolitano for secretary of homeland security. Arizona has had four female governors, just like any other state. Other elected executive government officials include the secretary of state, state treasurer, state attorney general, superintendent of public education, state mining inspector, and a 5-member firm committee. The term of office for all elected officials is four years and is limited to two consecutive terms (with the exception of the state mining inspector, which is limited to four terms)[123]. Arizona is one of five states that does not have a lieutenant governor. The elected secretary of state first becomes the governor's successor in the event of death, disability, resignation, or removal from office. And appointment the secretary of state is ineligible, and the next governor is chosen from the next eligible officer in the order of succession, including the attorney general, the state treasurer, and the superintendent of public instruction. Since 1977, four secretaries of state and a lone attorney general have succeeded the arizona governorship. State judiciary judges are appointed by the governor from a list recommended by a bipartisan committee and are required to serve by election after the first two years of their appointment. Subsequent supportive elections take place every six years. The supreme court has appellate jurisdiction in death penalty cases, but almost all other appellate cases go through the arizona court of appeals first. The court has original jurisdiction in certain analogous circumstances, as noted in the state constitution. The court meets in the arizona supreme court building throughout the capitol (on the south side of wesley bolin square). The arizona court of appeals, divided into 2 divisions, is the state's intermediate court. The first division is based in phoenix, consists of nineteen judges, and has jurisdiction over the west and upstate regions, as well as the vast majority of phoenix. The second division is based in tucson, consists of nine judges and has jurisdiction over the southern regions of the state, including the tucson area. Judges are selected in a manner similar to that of state supreme court judges. Each county in arizona has a superior court, the size and conduct of which varies and most often depends on the size of the particular county. Arizona is divided into 15% percent % percent of counties ranging from 1,238 square miles (3,210 km2) to 18,661 square miles (48,330 km2). Two us senators from the federal representation from arizona are kirsten cinema (i) and mark kelly (d). The arizona u.S. Representatives are tom o'halleran (d-1), ann kirkpatrick (d-2), raul grijalva (d-3), paul gosar (r-4), andy biggs (r-5), david schweikert ( r-6), ruben gallego (d-7), debbie lesko (r-8) and greg stanton (d-9). Arizona received a ninth point in the house of representatives due to the redistricting created by the 2010 american census. The political culture since statehood in the early 1940s in arizona has been exclusively dominated by the democratic party. During a similar time, the democratic presidential candidate won the state every election except for the elections of 1920, 1924, and 1928—all three were nationwide republican landslides. In 1924, congress passed an act granting citizenship and suffrage to many native americans, some of whom had previously been excluded from tribes on reservations. The legal interpretation of the arizona constitution prohibited native americans living on reservations from voting, classifying them as being under "wardship". This interpretation was struck down as incorrect and unconstitutional in 1948 by the arizona supreme court following a lawsuit by world war ii indian veterans frank harrison and harry austin, both of the yavapai people of fort mcdowell.The landmark case is harrison and austin v. Lavin. Once the men were denied the opportunity to enter the maricopa area, they filed suit against the registrar. The national congress of the american indian, the department of justice, the department of the interior, and the american civil liberties union filed briefs on the amicus curiae (friends of the court) business. The state supreme court established the rights of native americans to vote in neighborhoods; at that very moment they made up about 11% of the population. The same year, a similar provision was overturned in new mexico when another indian veteran challenged it in court. They were the only two states that continued to ban native americans from voting. Arizona voted republican in every presidential election from 1952 to the 1992 issue date, and richard nixon and ronald reagan won neighborhoods by particularly wide margins. During this forty-year period, it was the only state that did not go over to the democrats at least once. Democrat lyndon johnson in 1964 lost a state of less than 5,000 votes to arizona senator and native barry goldwater. (This was the staff with the hardest fight in what was otherwise a landslide victory for johnson this year.) Percent of the electoral vote in arizona in 1992). From 2000 to 2016, the entire state continued to support republican presidential candidates by a solid margin. In the us presidential election this year, joe biden broke the streak again by becoming the first democratic presidential candidate to win arizona since 1996. Since the middle of the past century, the republican party has also dominated arizona's social activities in general. The fast-growing suburbs of phoenix and tucson have become securely republican since the 1950s. In a given time, a mass of "pinto democrats" or conservative cross-country democrats in large numbers were willing to support republicans at the state and national level. While the state usually supports republicans at the federal level, democrats are often competitive in statewide elections. Two of the last six governors were democrats. On march 4, 2008, senator john mccain effectively announced his 2008 republican nomination, becoming the state's first major-party presidential nominee since barry goldwater in 1964. Arizona's politics have been dominated by a longstanding standoff between its two largest counties, maricopa and pima. Is home to phoenix and tucson, respectively. These two districts contain almost 75% of the state's population and account for nearly 80% of the state's vote. They, too, elect a large majority to the state legislature. Maricopa county contains nearly 60% of the state's population and is home to the majority of the state's elected officials. Before joe biden won maricopa county in 2020, he had voted republican in every presidential election since 1948. He did not win his own well-deserved state without a margin of 20,000 votes in the maricopa district. Just as mccain won arizona by 8 percentage points in 2008, aided by a 130,000-vote lead over the maricopa neighborhood. In contrast, pima county, where tucson stands, and the lion's share of southern arizona have historically voted democratic. While the suburbs of tucson are running republican, they are taking a somewhat more moderate republican leaning than was customary before phoenix. Arizona rejected a strict ban on same-sex marriage in a referendum as part of the 2006 election. Arizona was the first state here to do so. Same-sex marriages were not in arizona, however this amendment would remove any legal or financial benefits for unmarried homosexual or heterosexual couples. In 2008, arizona voters passed proposition 102, an amendment to the state constitution defining marriage as a union for the same strawberry connoisseur and the most significant woman. It passed by narrower majorities than similar votes in several other states. In 2010, arizona passed sb 1070, called "the most stringent immigration law" in the united states of america. A fierce debate broke out between supporters and opponents of sb 1070. The supreme court in america overturned parts of the arizona law that required every immigrant to carry immigration papers at all times in arizona v. Usa. A teacher strike in west virginia this year prompted teachers in other states, including arizona, to take similar action.[133] in the current year review, arizona was ranked 21st among the states with the hardest time for citizens to vote. Same-sex marriage and civil unions in 2006, arizona became the first state in the united states to reject proposition 107, which would ban same-sex marriage and civil unions. It wasn't until 2008 that arizona voters approved proposition 102, a constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage but not other unions.Before same-sex marriage became legal, the city of bisbee became the first jurisdiction in arizona to approve civil unions. At the time, state attorney general tom horne threatened to sue but called off the threat after bisbee amended the ruling; bisbee endorsed civil unions in 2013. The municipalities of clarkdale, cottonwood, jerome, sedona, and tucson have also adopted civil unions. A november 2011 opinion poll showed that 44% of arizona voters supported the legalization of same-sex marriage, 45% were opposed, and 12% did not turned confident. A separate question from the same poll showed that 72% of respondents support legal recognition of same-sex couples, 40% support same-sex marriage, 32% support civil unions, 27% oppose any legal recognition, and 1% are unsure. Arizona proposition 102, known to its supporters as the marriage protection amendment, appeared as a statutory constitutional amendment in the november 4, 2008 vote in arizona, where it was approved: 56%–43%. He amended the arizona constitution to define marriage as between one man and one woman. On october 17, 2014, arizona attorney general tom horn announced that his office would no longer object to same-sex marriage in a rebuttal to the u.S. District court ruling on arizona proposition 102. That day, the clerk of the supreme court of each county began issuing licenses for same-sex marriage, and arizona became the 31st state to legalize same-sex marriage. Education elementary and secondary education public schools in arizona are divided into approximately 220 local school districts, which operate independently, but in most cases are run by elected district school superintendents; they are in turn overseen by the arizona state board of education and the arizona department of education. State superintendent of public education (elected in partisan elections every even-numbered year, sometimes there is no presidential election, for a four-year term). In 2005, the school district transformation commission was formed with the goal of unifying and consolidating many of these districts.[142] arizona higher education is served by three public universities: the university of arizona, arizona state university, and northern arizona high school. These schools are kept on course by the arizona board of regents. Suburban higher education in arizona is dominated by many for-profit and "chain" (multi-site) universities. Embry-riddle aviation university, prescott, and prescott college are the only non-profit four-year private colleges in arizona. Arizona has a wide network of two-year vocational schools and community colleges. These colleges have historically been governed by a separate state board of directors, but in 2002 the state legislature transferred a great deal of oversight power to individual community college districts. The maricopa county community college district includes 11 community colleges throughout maricopa county and is the largest in the nation. Large corporations in arizona. College in downtown phoenix and ua agricultural center in yuma/maricopa. Private colleges and universities in arizona. Steele university brooklyn brown mackie college embry-riddle college aeronautical university grand canyon international baptist college midwestern university north central university ottawa university park university of phoenix penn foster college technology west international university conservatory of recording arts and sciences community colleges mesa county community college community college mojave northland pioneer college paradise valley community college phoenix college phoenix community college pima community college rio salado community college scottsdale community ty college south mountain community college yavapai college art and history visual virtuosity and museums phoenix art museum located in the central avenue historic corridor in phoenix , is the southwest's largest collection of fine art from around the world. The museum features international exhibitions along with the museum's collection of over 18,000 pieces of american, asian, european, latin american, western american, contemporary art and intricate clothing. Since 1951, the phoenix museum of art, dedicated to public education, has hosted a year-round program of festivals, live performances, independent films, and educational programs. The museum also has an interactive space for phxartkids; photography exhibitions as part of the museum's partnership with a creative photography firm; a landscape garden of sculptures and catering establishments on the farms of arcadia. Arizona is a recognized center for native american art, with several galleries displaying political and contemporary work.The heard museum, also based in phoenix, is the definitive repository of native american art. Most iconic exhibits include a complete navajo hogan, the marin allen nichols collection of 260 modern pieces, the barry goldwater collection of 437 historic hopi kachina dolls, and an exhibit on a 19th century native american boarding school. The heard museum is visited by about 250,000 people in one year. Sedona, jerome and tubak were used as colonies of promising artists, and small art scenes will live in large cities and a whole list with russian universities. Movie several major hollywood movies like billy jack, turning, hoping to exhale, just one of them, love can't be purchased, bill & ted's exciting adventure, the scorpion king, sisters banger, used cars. There met filmed "raising arizona" (like many westerns). The 1993 science fiction film fire in the sky, based on reports of an alien abduction in the city of snezhinka, was set in snezhinka. It was filmed in the oregon cities of oakland, roseburg, and sutherlin. The 1974 film alice doesn't live here anymore, for which ellen burstyn won the academy award for best actress and also starring kris kristofferson, was set in tucson. The climax of clint eastwood's 1977 film the glove may be in downtown phoenix. The final sequences of the 1984 film starman are set in a meteorite crater near winslow. Jeff foxworthy's comedy documentary blue collar comedy tour was filmed by internet news outlets at the dodge theatre. Some of alfred hitchcock's classic psycho films are filmed in phoenix, supposedly the hometown of the central character. A number of tv shows filmed or filmed in arizona include the new dick van dyke show, medium, alice, the first 48, insomnia with dave attell, cops, and us most wanted » . The television series alice, which draws on the film, was set in phoenix. There are passages in twilight whose effectiveness is done in phoenix at dawn and as a result of the film. Arizona music features prominently in the lyrics of many country and western songs, such as jamie o'neal's hit ballad "there is no arizona". In george strait's book oceanfront housing, "oceanfront apartments in arizona" is used as a metaphor for a failed proposal. The line "see you in arizona bay" is used in the song tool about the possibility (expressed by comedian bill hicks as a hope) that southern california will one day fall into the sea. Glen campbell, a famous resident, popularized the song "by the process i get to phoenix". "Arizona" was the title of a popular song recorded by mark lindsey. Arizona is featured in the hit song "take it easy", written by jackson browne and glenn frey and performed by the eagles. Arizona is also mentioned in the famous beatles hit "get back" attributed to john lennon and paul mccartney; mccartney sings, "jojo left his tucson, arizona home for california grass." "Carefree highway", released in 1974 by gordon lightfoot, takes its own name from arizona state route 74 north of phoenix. Arizona's budding music scene is being helped by new bands as well as some established artists. The gin blossoms, chronic future, roger clyne and the peacemakers, jimmy eat world, caroline's spine and so on started their own careers in arizona. In addition, several punk and rock bands began their personal existence in arizona, including jfa, the feederz, sun city girls, the meat puppets, the maine, the summer set, and just the other day - authority zero and digital summer. There are also many musicians in arizona, and other musicians. Singer, songwriter and guitarist michelle branch is from sedona. Chester bennington, former linkin park lead vocalist, and mashup artist dj z-trip are both from phoenix. Key among arizona's most celebrated musicians is shock rocker alice cooper, who helped define the genre. Maynard james keenan, lead singer of tool, a perfect circle and puscifer, calls cornville home. Other legendary musicians include country singers dirks bentley and marty robbins, folk singer cathy lee, stevie nicks from fleetwood mac, cc peniston, rex allen, 2007 american idol winner jordin sparks and linda ronstadt. Arizona is also well known for its heavy metal scene, which is centered in and around phoenix. In the early to mid-1990s, it included job for a cowboy, knights of the abyss, greeley estates, eyes set to kill, blessthefall, the word alive, the dead rabbits, and abigail williams. Soulfly calls phoenix their home, and megadeth has lived in phoenix for about 10 years. Starting from the 2000s.And around 2009, the desert rock and sludge metal underground (like kyuss in the major cities of the 1990s) began to develop in phoenix, led by bands like wolves of winter, asimov and dead canyon. The american composer elliot carter composed his 1st string quartet (1950-51) while on sabbatical (from new york) in arizona. The quartet has received pulitzer prizes and similar bonuses and is already considered a staple of the string quartet's repertoire. The sports arena is also scheduled to host super bowl lvii, tentatively scheduled for february 12, 2023. Due to its many golf courses, arizona is home to a group of pga tour stops, first the phoenix open held at tpc scottsdale and the wgc-accenture match play championship at the ritz-carlton golf club in marana. 151] auto racing is another type of competition known in the area. The phoenix raceway in avondale is home to the nascar racing festivities twice a year. Firebird international speedway near chandler is home to drag racing and other motorsport events. Collegiate sports entertainment [edit] collegiate sports are also heavily promoted in arizona. The arizona sun devils and arizona wildcats win the pac-12 conference, while the lumberjacks of northern arizona compete in the big sky conference and the grand canyon antelope compete in the western sports conference. The rivalry between the arizona state sun devils and the arizona wildcats dates back even before arizona became a state and is the oldest rivalry in the ncaa. The territory cup, first awarded in 1889 and recognized as the oldest college football trophy,[154] is awarded to the winner of the annual multi-school football game. Arizona also hosts several college football games. The fiesta bowl, originally held at sun devil stadium, is now being booked at the state farm stadium in glendale. The fiesta bowl is an element of the new college football (cfp) playoffs. The university of phoenix stadium was also home to the 2007 and 2011 bcs national championship games. The state farm stadium hosted the final four of the ncaa division i men's basketball tournament in the new year and aims to host education again in 2024. Baseball arizona is a popular spring training space for major league baseball, as it hosts the cactus league. Spring training first began in arizona in 1947, when brewery owner vek sold it in 1945 but, in 1946, was bought by the cleveland indians. He decided to train the cleveland indians in tucson and convinced the new york giants to try phoenix. Thus the cactus league was born.[156] on march 9, 1995, arizona earned the right to fight in the 1998 season. The $130 million franchise fee was paid to major league baseball, and on january 16, 1997, the diamondbacks were officially inducted into the national league. Since their debut, the diamondbacks have won five western national league titles, one national league championship pennant, and the turn of the century world series. Notable people or hispanic ancestry does not distinguish between full and partial ancestry. ^ In 2000, this designation was broken into two segments: independent non-charismatic churches (34,130 adherents) and independent charismatic churches (29,755 adherents). State symbols. Archived from the original on december 13, 2021. Retrieved december 2, 2021. Kgj. November 25, 2019 archived from the original on december 28, 2021. Retrieved december 2, 2021. November draft. February 15 of the seventeenth year. Archived from the original on december 28, 2021. Retrieved december 2, 2021. State census bureau. All lovers checked 2012 nhs data sheet. National geodetic survey, national oceanic and atmospheric administration, us department of commerce. Retrieved october 20, 2011. ^ A b "heights and distances in the united states". Us geological survey. 2001. Archived from the original on october 15, 2011. Retrieved december 28, 2011. Census.Gov. American census bureau. Archived (pdf) from the original on april 26, 2021. Retrieved april 27 this year. Archived from the original on may 9, 2022. Retrieved april 30, 2022. Merriam-webster.Com. April 25, 2007. Archived from the original on january 12, 2012. Retrieved december 28, 2011. Glosbe.Com. Archived from the original on february 20, 2021. Retrieved november 6, 2020. ^ A b saxton, dean; saxton, lucille; enos, susie (1983). Dictionary: tohono o'odham/pima into english, english into tohono o'odham/pima. Tucson: university of arizona press. ^ "Arizona's 50 biggest companies". Azbigmedia. Archived from the original on 8 december this year. Retrieved 24 january 2021. Sheppard software. Archived november 20, 2017. Retrieved september 21, 2010.^ "Federally recognized tribes in arizona arizona state museum". State museum.Arizona.Edu. Archived from the original on september 26, 2021. Retrieved september 26, 2021. ^ Bright, william (2004). Indian place names of the united states. Norman, oklahoma: university of oklahoma press. P. 47. ^ Kitt, e.O.; Pierce, t.M. (1952). "Arizona place name records". Western folklore. 11(4): 284-287. Doi: 10.2307/1496233. Jstor 1496233. ^ Harper, douglas. "Arizona". Online dictionary of etymology. Archived from the original on july 28, 2011. Retrieved december 28, 2011. ^ Mcclintock, james (1916). Arizona, prehistoric, aboriginal, pioneer, modern: the youngest commonwealth of the nation in the rf of ancient culture. Chicago: s.J. Clarke publishing co. Archived from the original on february 1, 2015. Retrieved november 9, 2019. ^ A b thompson, clay (february 11, 2007). "No, 'dry zone' is not the basis of the state's name." Republic of arizona. Retrieved december 29, 2014. ↑ Thompson, clay (february 25, 2007). "A sad problem when views change." Republic of arizona. Archived from the original on june 4, 2012. Retrieved march 3, 2007. ↑ Turner, jim. "How arizona didn't get its name". Arizona historical society. Archived from the original on october 13, 2007. Retrieved march 3, 2007. ↑ Garate, donald (2005). "Arizonac, a twentieth-century myth". Journal of arizona history. 46(2): 161-184. Wikimedia commons has media related to arizona. Arizona almanac. Archives and public records of the arizona state library. Archived from the original on july 16, 2019. Retrieved march 20, 2019.^ Borrens, lobby. "Francisco vasquez de coronado's expedition to arizona". Story. Archived from the original on december 7, 2021. Retrieved december 23, 2021. ^ Martínez laines, fernando y canales torres, carlos. Banderas lejanas: la exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de españa del territorio de losactuales estados unidos (in spanish: far flags. Exploration, conquest and defense by spain of what is now the united states). Pp. 145-146. Fourth edition: september 2009 ^ "father kino converted many indians to christianity." Nps. Archived from the original on october 19, 2021. Retrieved december 10, 2021. ↑ Timothy anna et al. Historia de méxico. Barcelona: critique, 2001, p. 10. ^ "Us conquers arizona". Story. Archived from the original on january 21, 2022. Retrieved december 10, 2021. History today. Archived from the original on december 28, 2021. Retrieved december 2, 2021. Members.Tripod.Com. July 23, 2007. Archived from the original on october 2, 2006. Retrieved july 25, 2010. ^ Us. Kong. Senate (1904) [first ed. Confederate states. Cong.: 1861-1862]. Journal of the congress of the confederate states of america, 1861-1865. Volume i. 58th kong. 2d session. S. Doc. 234. Washington: state printing office. P. 691. Lccn 05012700. Archived from the original on february 22, 2019. Retrieved august 11, 2017 – via the internet archive. ↑ Bates, al (april 14, 2019). "Arizona becomes a territory." Ap news. Archived from the original on march 31, 2022. Retrieved december 10, 2021. ^ Henson, pauline (1965). Founding of the wilderness capital, prescott, a.T. 1864. Flagstaff, arizona: northland press. P. Passim. Lccn 65-17578. ↑ Arroyo rodriguez, nadine (september 26, 2014). "Did you know: arizona's capital moved 4 times before settling in phoenix". Kzhzz. Archived from the original on january 14, 2019. Retrieved january 9, 2019. ^ "Preservation of cultural and familiarization resources is the conservation goal of the sonoran desert conservation plan." Pima.Gov. Archived from the original on july 3, 2010. Retrieved november 13, 2016. ^ Schillingberg, william (1999). Tombstone, a. T. A history of early mining, grinding and mayhem. Spokane, wa: arthur clarke. N. Passim. Isbn 0870622730 . ^ Bailey, lynn (2002). Bisbee, queen of copper camps. Tucson: westernlore press. N. Passim. Isbn 0870260588. ^ Clements, eric (2003). After the boom in tombstone and jerome, arizona. Reno, nv: university of nevada press. N. Passim. Isbn 0874175712 . ^ Varney, philip (1994). Ghost towns and mining camps in arizona. Phoenix: arizona highways, dot. N. Passim. Isbn 0916179443 . ^ Ascarza, william (2015). Seeking your luck, take advantage of arizona's history of mining. Evansville, indiana: mt publishing. N. Passim. Isbn 978-1938730696. ^ Birkit, james (1982). Forging the copper collar, arizona's union-management war, 1901-1921. Tucson: university of arizona press. N. Passim. Isbn 08165-07457. Wikimedia commons has media related to arizona question. World history project. Archived from the original on december 31, 2021. Retrieved october 20, 2021. "Arizona's economy during the great depression". British. Archived from the original on august 31, 2021. Retrieved december 20, 2021. Arizonabiltmore. Archived from the original on december 26, 2021. Retrieved december 10, 2021. Wigman resort.Archived from the original on november 4, 2021. Retrieved december 10, 2021. ^ Hobbs, cathy. Arizona concentration camps. Azliabari. Archived from the original on december 31, 2021. Retrieved december 20, 2021. "Concentration camps in arizona closed". Central. 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